Egypt is above all known through its antiquity that lasted during almost 4 000 years.

During the end of the neolithic, several tribes started gathering around the Nil, a fertile land in a desert lot. At this period, two kingdoms rose, they had different politics but shared a same culture : the Upper Egypt, and the Lower Egypt (the Lower Egypt in the North, and the Upper Egypt in the South, called like that because the Nil flows from the South to the North).
The unification of the country is attributed to the kingdom of South, the Pharaoh Namer established the very first Pharaonic institution.

During 3000 years, Ancient Egypt created a revolution in the rest of the world in a technological, cultural, artistic, and political point of view. Ancient Egypt had a kind of king : a Pharaoh, and the society was organized in a hierarchy. The major part of Egyptians belonged to the peasant class, but all the power were given the to Pharaoh.

This politic of a Pharaoh in the centre of the whole Egypt can be explained by the fact that the polytheistic belief was predominant, and the Pharaoh had a divine status, so his power were legitimate.

For the ethnology, the end of Ancient Egypt came in -343 with the death of the last Pharaoh : Nectanébo II.